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• Dogs: Punishment

  Punishment is defined as the application of a stimulus that decreases the chances that a behaviour will be repeated. In practical terms when dealing with dogs, we aim to associate an unpleasant consequence with an undesirable behaviour to reduce the occurrence of the behaviour.

• Domperidone

  Domperidone is used to increase the movements or contractions of the stomach and intestines. It may be used to relieve the symptoms of vomiting.

• Doxorubicin

  Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer in animals. These drugs can cause cancer in humans and should be handled with extreme caution.

• Drugs Used to Treat Heart Conditions

  Cardiac drugs are used to correct irregular heartbeat, to treat high blood pressure and enlarged heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and to decrease the heart rate.

• Dry Eye: Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS)

  Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is commonly called dry eye. This is a very apt name since the condition results from lack of proper tear production so that the eye has a dry and sore appearance.

• Ear Cleansers

  Ear cleansers contain solvents that loosen wax, infected material and dirt in the ear canal so that it may be gently removed.

• Ear Infections

  Infections of the external ear canal (outer ear) by bacteria or yeast are common in dogs but not very common in cats. This type of infection is called otitis externa. A cat with an ear infection is uncomfortable and its ear canals are sensitive. The vet may examine the ear canal with an otoscope. The results of the otoscopic examination and cytology tell the vet what to do.

• Ear Mite Infestations

  The ear mite (Otodectes cynotis) is a surface mite that lives on cats, dogs, rabbits and ferrets. It is usually found in the ear canal but it can also live on the skin surface.

• Ear Tumours

  These tumours are polyp-like growths with a narrow base or a stalk. Some are nodular overgrowths secondary to inflammation but others are benign or malignant cancers of the glands found in this area.

• Early Renal Disease (ERD) - The Detection of Microalbuminuria in Cats and Dogs

  Albumin is an important protein found in the bloodstream. It is not normally present in the urine of healthy dogs and cats. Microalbuminuria refers to the presence of small quantities of albumin in the urine.