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  • A rat's lifespan is only 18-48 months so ageing changes and natural fatal conditions such as tumours are fairly common.

  • Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of this membrane which becomes swollen and reddened often making it more visible. Conjunctivitis can affect one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) eyes.

  • All tissues and organs of the body may develop cancer (an abnormal overgrowth of their constituent cells).

  • Constipation can be defined as an abnormal accumulation of faeces resulting in a difficulty in passing bowel motions. This may result in reduced frequency or absence of defecation.

  • The cornea is the clear part of the front of the eye through which the coloured iris can be seen. A corneal ulcer is an erosion of the outer layer of epithelial cells.

  • A cough is an expiratory effort producing a sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs, usually in an effort to free the lungs of some foreign material (real or imagined).

  • Cushings Syndrome is a complicated condition caused by high circulating levels of cortisol (commonly known as cortisone) in the blood stream.

  • Cutaneous (reactive) histiocytosis is an uncommon condition of dogs. The condition is poorly described in the scientific literature and has various grades all of which may be found in one animal.

  • Cystitis is the name given to inflammation of the urinary bladder or, more specifically, the epithelium (lining of the bladder). It is a commonly diagnosed condition in dogs of both sexes.

  • Cystitis is a general term referring to inflammation of the urinary bladder. The term cystitis does not imply a specific underlying cause.