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  • Nasal discharges and sneezing are two clinical signs that are associated with disorders affecting the nasal cavity and/or nasal sinuses.

  • Most cancers originate from the lining of the nose (epithelium). Benign tumours (adenomas) are rare but if they are surgically removable, they are curable. Malignant tumours (carcinomas) are more common with many different types.

  • Good food promotes good health. We all know that diet is an essential part of maintaining good health for us and for our pets.

  • The hip is a ball and socket joint of the hip and necrosis or death of the femoral head means that the ball part of the joint is no longer properly functioning. This is because during the growing phase the bone of the femoral head becomes deprived of its blood supply and dies.

  • Neuroendocrine cells produce rare tumours (carcinoids, Merkel cell tumours and neuroendocrine tumours). In general, the tumours are slow growing but will eventually spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

  • Chemodectomas are tumours of the chemoreceptors. They include both benign (non-spreading) adenomas and malignant carcinomas.

  • Neutering removes the sexual urge from both dogs and bitches. It can be carried out surgically when it is irreversible.

  • Most male animals (stallions, bulls, boars, rams and tom cats) that are kept for companionship, work, or food production are neutered (castrated) unless they are intended to be used as breeding stock.

  • Nicergoline increases the blood flow to the brain. It is used in older dogs to improve age-related disorders such as dullness and lethargy.

  • Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used to relieve pain and inflammation. Your veterinary surgeon may prescribe nimesulide to reduce pain in arthritis.