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  • There are numerous reasons why a dog might soil the house with urine and/or faeces. Determining the specific reason is essential for developing an effective treatment programme.

  • Punishment is defined as the application of a stimulus that decreases the chances that a behaviour will be repeated. In practical terms when dealing with dogs, we aim to associate an unpleasant consequence with an undesirable behaviour to reduce the occurrence of the behaviour.

  • Domperidone is used to increase the movements or contractions of the stomach and intestines. It may be used to relieve the symptoms of vomiting.

  • Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer in animals. These drugs can cause cancer in humans and should be handled with extreme caution.

  • Cardiac drugs are used to correct irregular heartbeat, to treat high blood pressure and enlarged heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and to decrease the heart rate.

  • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is commonly called dry eye. This is a very apt name since the condition results from lack of proper tear production so that the eye has a dry and sore appearance.

  • Ear cleansers contain solvents that loosen wax, infected material and dirt in the ear canal so that it may be gently removed.

  • These tumours are polyp-like growths with a narrow base or a stalk. Some are nodular overgrowths secondary to inflammation but others are benign or malignant cancers of the glands found in this area.

  • Albumin is an important protein found in the bloodstream. It is not normally present in the urine of healthy dogs and cats. Microalbuminuria refers to the presence of small quantities of albumin in the urine.

  • Herbal remedies made from the Echinacea plant are very popular and used to support the immune system. It is advisable to use a blend of Echinacea, containing E. purpurea herb and E. angustifolia root since the combination improves availability of the important active ingredients.